The relative contributions of the alternative (V- and Fe-only) and canonical (Mo-) nitrogenases to N2 fixation in natural environments are still largely unknown. Here we combine chemical and molecular approaches to examine their role in terrestrial ecosystems. Pure-culture studies show that while the R ratio (defined as R=acetylene reduction rate/N2 fixation rate by nitrogenase) is highly variable, low R ratios (0.5<R<2) are usually an indication of alternative nitrogenase activity. Microcosm experiments with temperate soils showed low R ratios and a large increase in N2 fixation rates in response to vanadium amendments, indicating V-nitrogenase activity. Using RT-PCR, we were able to demonstrate expression of the V-nitrogenase, together with the Mo-nitrogenase, in these soils. An analysis of published R ratios showed that the contribution of alternative nitrogenases to asymbiotic N2 fixation in soils may be more prevalent than previously recognized. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.